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History of hard rock miners' organizations : ウィキペディア英語版 | History of hard rock miners' organizations
Hard rock miners' organizations have included fraternal and union organization of miners or mine workers formed for the purpose of addressing issues such as wages, health and safety, funeral arrangements of members, or widow's benefits. Fraternal organizations have tended to focus on welfare and community; union organizations and federations have included economic issues and negotiations with employers. ==History==
Early miners' organizations were generally local, and were formed in response to specific developments such as wage cuts, or new technology introduced into the mines. Early unions sought to protect miners' rights, wages, status, and working conditions. Miners in the mid-to-late 19th century tended to be individualistic and independent. They tended to be more competitive than cooperative. When individual instincts conflicted with communal concerns, individual instincts often won.〔William Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 89-90.〕 However, when mine workers' economic organizations came under attack, organizational philosophies underwent a transition in order to meet the challenge.
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